# NAD+ References: The Cited Coenzyme and Precursor Literature

> NAD+ references: the full citation list behind this digest — PubMed and journal sources for the NMN, NR, and IV NAD+ studies, with DOIs and PMIDs.

Every quantitative claim in this digest maps to a numbered source below — peer-reviewed journals, PubMed, and clinical-trial literature on NAD+ and its precursors.

## How to read this NAD+ reference register

These are the [NAD+ research citations](/references) behind the [NAD+ and precursor studies](/research) summarized across this site. The list runs from the human precursor trials and mechanistic reviews through the IV NAD+ pilots to the most recent 2025-2026 evidence syntheses. Each entry carries a DOI and a PubMed link where available. Bracketed numbers in the text — [1], [2], and so on — refer to the matching entry here. This digest summarizes published research on NAD+ and its precursors; it is editorial commentary on public science, not medical advice.

## References

[1] Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888596/
[2] Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27304511/
[3] Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482258/
[4] Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31278280/
[5] Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33353981/
[6] Grant R, Berg J, Mestayer R, et al. A Pilot Study Investigating Changes in the Human Plasma and Urine NAD+ Metabolome During a 6 Hour Intravenous Infusion of NAD+. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11:257. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31572171/
[7] Blum K, Cadet JL, Baron D, et al. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) and Enkephalinase Inhibition (IV1114589NAD) Infusions Significantly Attenuate Psychiatric Burden Sequalae in Substance Use Disorder (SUD) in Fifty Cases. Curr Psychiatry Res Rev. 2022;18(2):65-78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36118157/
[8] Braidy N, Villalva MD, Grant R. Sobriety and Satiety: Is NAD+ the Answer? Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(5):425. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32423100/
[9] Wang J, et al. Intravenous Administration of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Improves Cognitive Performance in Human Subjects: Implications for Clinical Populations. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2021;102(10):e75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2021.07.585
[10] Lin JB, Kubota S, Ban N, et al. NAMPT-Mediated NAD(+) Biosynthesis Is Essential for Vision In Mice. Cell Rep. 2016;17(1):69-85. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27681422/
[11] Chellappa K, McReynolds MR, Lu W, et al. NAD precursors cycle between host tissues and the gut microbiome. Cell Metab. 2022;34(12):1947-1959.e5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36476934/
[12] Boo YC. Mechanistic Basis and Clinical Evidence for the Applications of Nicotinamide (Niacinamide) to Control Skin Aging and Pigmentation. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(8):1315. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34439563/
[13] Han S, Du Z, Liu K, Gong S. Nicotinamide riboside protects noise-induced hearing loss by recovering the hair cell ribbon synapses. Neurosci Lett. 2020;725:134910. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32171805/
[14] Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41083806/
[15] Reyna K, et al. Intravenous infusion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) versus nicotinamide riboside (NR): a retrospective tolerability pilot study in a real-world setting. Front Aging. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41704678/

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A chrome console reading of the NAD+ record — the coenzyme, its oral precursors, and the injectable studies logged route by route and cited to source, with oral NAD+'s poor absorption and IV NAD+'s rapid clearance flagged in plain sight; no clinic behind the readout and nothing here prescribed, compounded, or sold.